Section 7: overview, conventions, and miscellany
session-keyring – session shared process keyring Description The session keyring is a keyring used to anchor keys on behalf of a process. It is typically created by pam_keyinit(8) when a user logs in and a link will be added that refers to the user-keyring(7). Optionally, PAM may revoke the session keyring on logout. (In typical…
session-end – event signalling session shutdown Synopsis session-end TYPE=TYPE Description The session-end event is generated by the Upstart init(8) daemon when running as a Session Init (where its pid is not 1) when requested to stop. The TYPE environment variable will be set to either shutdown when the Session Init has received the SIGTERM signal,…
semver – The semantic versioner for npm Usage $ npm install semver semver.valid(‘1.2.3’) // ‘1.2.3’ semver.valid(‘a.b.c’) // null semver.clean(‘ =v1.2.3 ‘) // ‘1.2.3’ semver.satisfies(‘1.2.3’, ‘1.x || >=2.5.0 || 5.0.0 – 7.2.3’) // true semver.gt(‘1.2.3’, ‘9.8.7’) // false semver.lt(‘1.2.3’, ‘9.8.7’) // true As a command-line utility: $ semver -h Usage: semver <version> [<version> […]] [-r <range>…
sem_overview – overview of POSIX semaphores Description POSIX semaphores allow processes and threads to synchronize their actions. A semaphore is an integer whose value is never allowed to fall below zero. Two operations can be performed on semaphores: increment the semaphore value by one (sem_post(3)); and decrement the semaphore value by one (sem_wait(3)). If the…
Xsecurity – X display access control Synopsis X provides mechanism for implementing many access control systems. The sample implementation includes six mechanisms: Host Access Simple host-based access control. MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 Shared plain-text "cookies". XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1 Secure DES based private-keys. SUN-DES-1 Based on Sun’s secure rpc system. MIT-KERBEROS-5 Kerberos Version 5 user-to-user. Server Interpreted Server-dependent methods of access…
sd-readahead – Reference implementation of APIs for controlling boot-time read-ahead Synopsis #include "sd-readahead.h" Description sd-readahead.c and sd-readahead.h provide a reference implementation for APIs for controlling boot-time read-ahead, as implemented by the read-ahead subsystem of the systemd(1) init system. See sd_readahead(3) for more information about the function implemented. Notes This interface is provided by the reference…
sd-login – APIs for tracking logins Synopsis #include <systemd/sd-login.h> pkg-config –cflags –libs libsystemd-login Description sd-login.h provides APIs to introspect and monitor seat, login session and user status information on the local system. See m[blue]Multi-Seat on Linuxm[][1] for an introduction into multi-seat support on Linux, the background for this set of APIs. Note that these APIs…
sd-daemon – Reference implementation of APIs for new-style daemons Synopsis #include <systemd/sd-daemon.h> pkg-config –cflags –libs libsystemd-daemon Description sd-daemon.c and sd-daemon.h provide a reference implementation of various APIs for new-style daemons, as implemented by the systemd(1) init system. See sd_listen_fds(3), sd_notify(3), sd_booted(3), sd_is_fifo(3) for more information about the functions implemented. In addition to these functions a…
systemd-boot, sd-boot – A simple UEFI boot manager Description systemd-boot (short: sd-boot) is a simple UEFI boot manager. It provides a graphical menu to select the entry to boot and an editor for the kernel command line. systemd-boot supports systems with UEFI firmware only. systemd-boot loads boot entry information from the EFI system partition (ESP),…
sctp – SCTP protocol. Synopsis #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netinet/sctp.h> sctp_socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_SCTP); sctp_socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_SEQPACKET, IPPROTO_SCTP); Description This is an implementation of the SCTP protocol as defined in RFC2960 and RFC3309. It is a message oriented, reliable transport protocol with direct support for multihoming that runs on top of ip(7),…
sched – overview of CPU scheduling Description Since Linux 2.6.23, the default scheduler is CFS, the "Completely Fair Scheduler". The CFS scheduler replaced the earlier "O(1)" scheduler. API summary Linux provides the following system calls for controlling the CPU scheduling behavior, policy, and priority of processes (or, more precisely, threads). nice(2) Set a new nice…
sap – Service Access Point specification Description The text2sap and sap2text functions use the format described in this man page. Because all standard ATM tools on Linux use those functions to convert to or from the textual representation of SAP specifications, they expect them in the same format too. The SAP is divided into two…
sane – Scanner Access Now Easy: API for accessing scanners Description SANE is an application programming interface (API) that provides standardized access to any raster image scanner hardware. The standardized interface makes it possible to write just one driver for each scanner device instead of one driver for each scanner and application. While SANE is…
rxe – Software RDMA over Ethernet Synopsis modprobe rdma_rxe This is usually performed by a configuration utility (see rxe_cfg(8).) Description The rdma_rxe kernel module provides a software implementation of the RoCEv2 protocol. The RoCEv2 protocol is an RDMA transport protocol that exists on top of UDP/IPv4 or UDP/IPv6. The InfiniBand (IB) Base Transport Header (BTH)…
runlevel – event signalling change of system runlevel Synopsis runlevel RUNLEVEL=RUNLEVEL PREVLEVEL=PREVLEVEL [ENV]… Description This page describes the runlevel Upstart event, and the general implementation of runlevels in the Upstart system. For the runlevel tool, see runlevel(8) The runlevel event The runlevel event signals a change of system runlevel. The new system runlevel is given…
rtnetlink – Linux IPv4 routing socket Synopsis #include <asm/types.h> #include <linux/if_link.h> #include <linux/netlink.h> #include <linux/rtnetlink.h> #include <sys/socket.h> rtnetlink_socket = socket(AF_NETLINK, int socket_type, NETLINK_ROUTE); Description Rtnetlink allows the kernel’s routing tables to be read and altered. It is used within the kernel to communicate between various subsystems, though this usage is not documented here, and for…
rtld-audit – auditing API for the dynamic linker Synopsis #define _GNU_SOURCE /* See feature_test_macros(7) */ #include <link.h> Description The GNU dynamic linker (run-time linker) provides an auditing API that allows an application to be notified when various dynamic linking events occur. This API is very similar to the auditing interface provided by the Solaris run-time…
rsocket – RDMA socket API Synopsis #include <rdma/rsocket.h> Description RDMA socket API and protocol Notes Rsockets is a protocol over RDMA that supports a socket-level API for applications. Rsocket APIs are intended to match the behavior of corresponding socket calls, except where noted. Rsocket functions match the name and function signature of socket calls, with…
roff – concepts and history of roff typesetting Description roff is the general name for a set of text formatting programs, known under names like troff, nroff, ditroff, groff, etc. A roff system consists of an extensible text formatting language and a set of programs for printing and converting to other text formats. Unix-like operating…
richaclex – RichACL Examples Description This man-page demonstrates the various features of Rich Access Control Lists (RichACLs) by example, and shows how they interact with the POSIX file permission bits. For a complete description of the structure, concepts, and algorithms involved, please refer to richacl(7). Examples Traditional POSIX file permissions as RichACLs In the traditional…