In Go, a string is a read-only slice of bytes, while a rune is an alias for int32 representing a Unicode code point. Understanding this distinction is essential when you need to work with individual characters, especially in multilingual text. Basic Conversion The simplest approach is direct type conversion: s := “Hello, 世界” runes :=…
The kernel log buffer (dmesg) outputs timestamps in seconds since boot by default, making it difficult to correlate events with wall-clock time or other system logs. Here’s how to convert them to human-readable format. Using journalctl Instead of dmesg The modern approach is to use journalctl, which handles timestamp formatting automatically: journalctl -b This shows…
The traditional Node.js approach uses require(). Create a module that exports functions, then import them where needed. exporting functions (math.js): function add(a, b) { return a + b; } function subtract(a, b) { return a – b; } module.exports = { add, subtract }; importing in another file (app.js): const { add, subtract } =…
Processing files line by line is a common task in Go. Here are the practical approaches, from simplest to most flexible. Using bufio.Scanner The most straightforward method uses bufio.Scanner, which handles line splitting automatically: package main import ( “bufio” “fmt” “log” “os” ) func main() { file, err := os.Open(“input.txt”) if err != nil {…
Many Go functions accept an io.Reader interface. To pass a string to these functions, use strings.NewReader, which wraps the string without copying it—the data is read directly from the original string. Basic Usage import “strings” reader := strings.NewReader(“Hello, World!”) This creates an io.Reader that can be passed to any function expecting that interface. The reader…
Grep handles tab characters in a few different ways depending on your needs. Here’s what actually works. Using \t with extended regex The most straightforward approach uses grep’s extended regular expressions (-E flag): grep -E ‘\t’ filename.txt This matches any line containing a literal tab character. The \t escape sequence is interpreted as a tab…
When you’re working in a Makefile, you often need to reference files relative to where the Makefile itself is located. This is especially useful for multi-directory projects or when your build system needs to know its own location. The Solution Make provides the MAKEFILE_LIST variable, which contains the names of all makefiles that have been…
The Windows Start Menu pulls shortcuts from two key directories. Understanding where these files live is essential if you’re managing deployments, troubleshooting pinned apps, or automating setups. User-Specific Start Menu User-scoped shortcuts go here: C:\Users\<YourUsername>\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs This directory contains all the Start Menu shortcuts specific to your user account. Shortcuts you create or applications install…
Modern Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps store their data in protected user-specific directories. Understanding this structure is essential if you need to back up app settings, troubleshoot issues, or migrate data between systems. Default Data Location UWP app data lives here: C:\Users\<YourUsername>\AppData\Local\Packages\<AppPackageName>\ The <AppPackageName> is a unique identifier assigned by Windows—typically a long alphanumeric string…
Tethering your iPhone to your computer’s internet connection via USB is useful when you need a stable, low-power connection or want to avoid wireless overhead. This guide covers the practical setup on Windows and how to configure your iPhone to use your PC’s internet. Windows USB Tethering Setup On Windows 10/11: Install iTunes or Apple…
SSH key management becomes critical when you’re handling multiple identities across different hosts. By default, ssh tries keys in a specific order, but you can explicitly configure which key to use for particular hosts through the SSH config file. Using ~/.ssh/config The cleanest approach is to define host-specific key configurations in ~/.ssh/config. This file lets…
iOS SSH clients have matured significantly, and if you need SOCKS proxy support, there are several solid options worth evaluating. The key difference from desktop clients is that iOS imposes sandbox restrictions, so dynamic forwarding requires apps built with that constraint in mind. vSSH vSSH remains one of the more capable SSH clients for iOS,…
To check whether a function exists in Bash, use the type builtin with the -t option. This returns a string identifying what the name is: alias, keyword, function, builtin, or file. Basic Check The simplest approach: if [[ $(type -t f1) == “function” ]]; then echo “f1 is defined as a function” fi This works…
Bash maintains a set of built-in options that control script behavior. You disable them using set +o followed by the option name, or with short flags like set +x. The Basic Syntax set +o option-name Or using short flag notation: set +x The + sign disables an option; – enables it. This works for both…
You can retrieve detailed metadata about an S3 object using the aws s3api head-object command. This is useful when you need to check object properties, sizes, modification times, or custom metadata without downloading the entire file. Basic Usage The simplest form queries an object’s metadata: aws s3api head-object –bucket test-hkust –key dir2/fileupload/fb0c6353-a90c-4522-9355-7cd16cf756ff.file.txt This returns output…
The usermod command is the standard tool for modifying user accounts. To change a username, use the -l (or –login) option: sudo usermod -l user1 u1 This changes the login name from u1 to user1. However, there’s an important caveat: usermod only updates the /etc/passwd file. The user’s home directory, mail spool, and other resources…
Most modern systems have thermal sensors built into the CPU and motherboard. Reading these sensors is essential for monitoring system health, diagnosing performance issues, and preventing thermal throttling or hardware damage. Install lm-sensors The standard tool for reading hardware sensors on Linux is lm-sensors. Install it on your system: Debian/Ubuntu: sudo apt install lm-sensors RHEL/CentOS/Fedora:…
The YARN resource scheduler determines how cluster resources are allocated to jobs. By default, Hadoop uses the Capacity Scheduler, but you can switch to an alternative like the Fair Scheduler or configure different scheduling policies. Identifying Your Current Scheduler Check which scheduler is currently active by examining your configuration: grep -A 2 “yarn.resourcemanager.scheduler.class” $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml The…
You need to check whether a directory exists in your $PATH variable. This is useful when verifying that a tool installation succeeded, or when debugging shell initialization scripts. The regex approach Since $PATH uses colons as separators, a regex is the most straightforward method: if [[ “$PATH” =~ (^|:)”/usr/local/mytool/bin”(:|$) ]]; then echo “Directory found in…
The standard systemctl enable command should work for rpcbind.service, but if you’re seeing it fail to start after reboot, there are several approaches to troubleshoot and fix the issue. Check the Current State First, verify the actual status: systemctl status rpcbind.service systemctl is-enabled rpcbind.service If is-enabled returns disabled, the service wasn’t properly enabled. Check for…