Multisig, short for “multisignature,” is a cryptographic mechanism that requires multiple signatures to authorize and execute a transaction. What is Multisig Multisig ensures that multiple parties must collaborate and approve a transaction before it can be deemed valid. It provides an additional layer of security requiring multiple parties’ signatures to spend or transfer the crypto…
Distributed systems, such as peer-to-peer networks, , and other decentralized platforms, have become increasingly popular due to their potential to offer more robust, scalable, and secure solutions. However, these systems face unique challenges and vulnerabilities, one of which is the Sybil attack. Named after the psychiatric case study “Sybil,” in which a person exhibits multiple…
Distributed systems are becoming increasingly important in various applications, such as cloud computing, , and peer-to-peer networks. One of the challenges in designing robust distributed systems is dealing with Byzantine faults, a type of fault that can be particularly difficult to detect and handle. Byzantine faults, named after the Byzantine Generals’ Problem, involve components of…
WebDAV (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning) is an extension of the HTTP/1.1 protocol, which enables users to create, modify, and delete files on remote web servers. This protocol provides a standardized way for users to collaboratively edit and manage files on the web, much like a remote file system. WebDAV Features WebDAV introduces several features…
Consensus algorithms play a crucial role in the functioning of decentralized networks, such as blockchain-based systems. They help maintain the integrity, security, and reliability of these networks by ensuring that all participants agree on the state of the system. In this post, we will explore the concept of consensus algorithms, their importance, and some of…
Double-spending is a critical issue that any digital currency must address to ensure its viability and security. In this post, we’ll explore the concept of double-spending, the problems it poses, and how blockchain technology overcomes these challenges. What is Double-Spending? Double-spending occurs when a user spends the same digital currency unit more than once. In…
One of the most significant threats to public blockchain networks is a 51% attack, where a single entity gains control over the majority of the network’s mining power. In this blog post, we will discuss the concept of a 51% attack, its potential consequences, and measures to prevent it. What is a 51% Attack? A…
Blockchain technology is based on the idea of decentralization, transparency, and security. One of the key challenges in blockchain technology is reaching consensus on the state of the ledger. Consensus mechanisms ensure that all nodes in the network agree on the current state of the blockchain. Proof of Work (PoW) is a consensus mechanism that…
Blockchain technology is based on the idea of decentralization, transparency, and security. One of the key challenges in blockchain technology is reaching consensus on the state of the ledger. Consensus mechanisms ensure that all nodes in the network agree on the current state of the blockchain. Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism that…
Uniswap is a decentralized exchange (DEX) that was launched in 2018. It is built on the . Uniswap is a fully decentralized platform, which means that it is not controlled by any central authority or organization. The key feature of Uniswap is its , which allow users to trade cryptocurrencies without the need for a…
Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain platform that enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications (dApps) on the blockchain. Ethereum was created in 2014 by Vitalik Buterin and has since become one of the most popular blockchain platforms in the world. In this article, we’ll provide a development history of Ethereum, an overview of its…
CalDAV and CardDAV are application layer computer network protocols that enable users to synchronize and manage their calendar (CalDAV) and contact (CardDAV) data across multiple devices and platforms. These open standards protocols leverage the (World Wide Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning) protocol, which provides a framework for users to create, change, and move documents on…
Decentralization is a concept about control and management. It refers to that the control and decision-making in a distributed network are transferred away from a centralized entity (individual, organization, or group thereof). The resources in a decentralized network are owned and shared by network members. This concept is particularly significant in the world of blockchain…
C++ std::any is a type-safe container for single values of any type. It is useful to put multiple types into a single container such as std::vector which requires all elements stored have the same “type”. It is a part of the C++17 standard library. This blog post will take a close look at a certain…
In this post, we will discuss Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), a programming idiom in C++ that helps manage resources such as memory, file handles, and network connections. By leveraging constructors, destructors, and scope-bound resource management, RAII enables the creation of more reliable and maintainable C++ code. RAII can not only achieve mostly what a…
In this post, we will discuss Run-Time Type Identification (RTTI) in C++, a feature that allows us to obtain type information for objects at runtime. We will explore how RTTI works, its applications, and provide detailed examples to demonstrate its usage using snake_case naming convention. What is Run-Time Type Identification (RTTI)? Run-Time Type Identification (RTTI)…
When working on a large-scale C++ project with multiple dependencies, it can be challenging to understand the relationships between different components and libraries. Thankfully, CMake provides a nifty feature to visualize these dependencies using Graphviz, a widely-used open-source graph visualization software. Using CMake’s –graphviz option and the dot command from Graphviz is a powerful way…
If you often find yourself accidentally triggering the emoji picker in Linux by CTRL + Period (CTRL + .), you may want to disable the hotkey that brings it up. In this post, we will show you how to disable the emoji hotkey using the gsettings command. The emoji picker in Linux is typically activated…
In this post, we will explore a flexible utility function for splitting a string based on a given delimiter using C++ and the standard library. This allows us to break down complex strings into smaller parts that are easier to process and manipulate. The C++ Utility Function to Split a String by Another String Background:…
Zlib is a popular open-source compression library used by many software applications to compress and decompress data. It provides fast and efficient compression and decompression algorithms that can be used to reduce the size of data, which can improve performance and reduce storage requirements. In this post, we will discuss how to install zlib in…