One of the most significant threats to public blockchain networks is a 51% attack, where a single entity gains control over the majority of the network’s mining power. In this blog post, we will discuss the concept of a 51% attack, its potential consequences, and measures to prevent it. What is a 51% Attack? A…
Blockchain technology is based on the idea of decentralization, transparency, and security. One of the key challenges in blockchain technology is reaching consensus on the state of the ledger. Consensus mechanisms ensure that all nodes in the network agree on the current state of the blockchain. Proof of Work (PoW) is a consensus mechanism that…
Blockchain technology is based on the idea of decentralization, transparency, and security. One of the key challenges in blockchain technology is reaching consensus on the state of the ledger. Consensus mechanisms ensure that all nodes in the network agree on the current state of the blockchain. Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism that…
This is the release notes for linux release v2.0 (source code: linux-2.0.tar.gz) with format adjusted by removing/replacing tabs/spaces/new lines/formatting marks. This notes document can give us an understanding of the early development of the Linux kernel. The original ASCII formatted version is at the end of this post. Intro This document contains a list of…
This is the release notes for linux release v0.97 with format adjusted by removing/replacing tabs/spaces/new lines. This notes document can give us an understanding of the early development of the Linux kernel. The original ASCII formatted version is at the end of this post. Changes in 0.97: The VESA-support was removed. I’d be happy to…
This is the release notes for linux release v0.95 (source code: linux-0.95.tar.gz) with format adjusted by removing/replacing tabs/spaces/new lines. This notes document can give us an understanding of the early development of the Linux kernel. The original ASCII formatted version is at the end of this post. RELEASE NOTES FOR LINUX v0.95 Linus Torvalds, March…
This is the release notes for linux release v0.12 (source code: linux-0.12.tar.gz) with format adjusted by removing/replacing tabs/spaces/new lines. This notes document can give us an understanding of the very initial development of the Linux kernel. Also check Notes for linux release 0.01. The original ASCII formatted version is at the end of this post….
This is the notes for linux kernel release 0.01 (source code: linux-0.01.tar.gz) with format adjusted by removing/replacing tabs/spaces/new lines. This notes document can give us an understanding of whether the Linux kernel started with its very first release. The original ASCII formatted version is at the end of this post. Notes for linux release 0.01…
This post summarizes Linux Kernel new features, bugfixes and changes in Linux 5.4.72 Release. Linux 5.4.72 Release contains 23 changes, patches or new features. In total, there are 126,508 lines of Linux source code changed/added in Linux 5.4.72 release compared to Linux 5.4 release. To view the source code of Linux 5.4.72 kernel release online,…
This change “Add support for using a MAX3421E chip as a host driver.” (commit 2d53139) in Linux kernel is authored by David Mosberger <davidm [at] egauge.net> on Mon Apr 28 22:14:07 2014 -0600. Description of “Add support for using a MAX3421E chip as a host driver.” The change “Add support for using a MAX3421E chip…
This post summarizes new features, bugfixes and changes in Linux kernel release 4.19.70. Linux 4.19.70 Release contains 95 changes, patches or new features. In total, there are 101,521 lines of Linux source code changed/added in Linux 4.19.70 release compared to Linux 4.19 release. To view the source code of Linux 4.19.70 kernel release online, please…
The world of technology has evolved drastically over the last few decades. Almost every aspect of our lives is dominated by technology. At the heart of technology lies computer programming. Computer programming is what dictates the success of the technology. I mean think about it, your smartphone, PC, ETC they all rely on programming. This…
Linux is the most used and well-known open-source operating system for computers, mobile devices, servers, and mainframes, etc. Linux has so many awesome features to serve its users like Live CD/USB. And it is fast, easy and free to use by computers around the world. The kernel is referred to as the essential component of…
BIOS: Basic Input Output Systems UEFI: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface UEFI is the advanced BIOS, which solves some limitations in BIOS such as 1, 16-bit processor mode; 2, 1 MB addressable space and PC AT hardware. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface
What is the difference between work conserving I/O scheduler and non-work conserving I/O scheduler? In a work-conserving mode, the scheduler must choose one of the pending requests, if any, to dispatch, even if the pending requests are far away from the current disk head position. The rationale for non-work-conserving schedulers, such as the anticipatory scheduler…
I find the rtl8192cu wireless adapter driver on CentOS 7 is quite unstable. After running a while, the connection will disappear. How to make it stable? There is a bug in some hardware where the device never wakes back up. You may try disabling the power management by putting a file 8192cu-disable-power-management.conf under /etc/modprobe.d/: #…
I keep seeing messages in dmesg as follows with “exception Emask 0x10” -> “SError: { UnrecovData 10B8B BadCRC }” -> “failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED” -> “hard resetting link”: [ 7395.936692] ata4.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0xe000 SErr 0x280100 action 0x6 frozen [ 7395.936701] ata4.00: irq_stat 0x08000000, interface fatal error [ 7395.936703] ata4: SError: {…
There are various lightning cables on the market. I ever purchased one but it does not work for iPhone 6… How to identify a certificated lightning cable that is good for iPhone 6? (I know the cables from Apple will definitely work. But it takes time to receive one from Apple or not always easy…
I have a Linux box and it is connected to a network through a network adapter, say gate. How to find what is the current speed (10Mbps, 100Mbps or 1000Mbps) of the adapter? You can find the network adapter speed by the ethtool command: ethtool: query or control network driver and hardware settings For example,…
How to manage Linux console screen by commands? When the screen will be blanked? Put the screen into powerdown mode or power off the screen? 2 tools are useful for managing the console screen on Linux: setterm – set terminal attributes.vbetool – run real-mode video BIOS code to alter hardware state. When the screen will…