Tutorial

How to allow websites’ .htaccess files in Apache2?

ByEric Ma

How to allow websites to use .htaccess files in Apache2 web servers? The AllowOverride directive controls this: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#allowoverride To allow AllowOverride in a directory, add the following rules to the /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf or similar configuration file for your apache installation: <Directory “/var/www/www.example.com”> Options FollowSymLinks # # AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files….

How to redirect anything written on a file to another file in linux?

ByEric Ma

Suppose we have two files, a.txt and b.txt . If we write anything in a.txt & b.txt, it should be redirected to c.txt. tee may help for this purpose. tee: duplicate standard input You may try a command like this: echo “hello” | tee -a a.txt >>b.txt Both a.txt and b.txt will contain the “hello”….

How to Passwordless SSH to an OpenWrt Router?

ByEric Ma

The good ssh-copy-id method which works well on common Linux seems not working for OpenWrt router. How to Passwordless SSH to an OpenWrt Router? OpenWrt’s SSH server is Dropbear. It can accept normal RSA keys. But the authorized_keys location is not the same as the openssh “~/.ssh/authorized_keys”. The location for the authorized_keys is /etc/dropbear/authorized_keys What…

How to configure systemd to boot Linux to console mode (runlevel 3)?

ByEric Ma

How to configure Linux (am using Fedora 21) managed by systemd to boot to console (init 3) mode? systemd has the concept of targets as a more flexible replacement for runlevels in sysvinit. Runlevel 3 is emulated by multi-user.target. runlevel3.target is a symbolic link to multi-user.target. You can switch to ‘runlevel 3’ by running #…

mkfs refuses to make filesystem with message “is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here!”

ByEric Ma

I have a disk from another server installed on a new server. However, when I try to make a filesystem on it, mkfs reports # mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdd1 mke2fs 1.42.8 (20-Jun-2013) /dev/sdd1 is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here! This is a new disk to the new server….

How to mount LVM volume from an external hard disk on CentOS?

ByEric Ma

On Fedora, after inserting/plugging in an exteranl hard disk with LVM partitions on it, the partitions will appear under /dev like /dev/lvm-group/lvm-partition. However, on CentOS 6, the LVM volumes do not appear automatically. How to mount LVM partitions from an external hard disk on CentOS? What you need on CentOS is to activate the LVM…

How to encode spaces in curl GET request URL on Linux?

ByEric Ma

The problem is like this: I would like to send a GET request using curl and the content has spaces, such as curl “http://example.com/send?msg=hello world” The space and the “world” will be left away if this command is executed directory on Linux. How to encode spaces in curl request URL? You can use the –date-urlencode…

How to run screen on a Linux host reporting “Cannot make directory ‘/var/run/screen’: Permission denied”?

ByEric Ma

I want to run screen on a remote host on which I do not have root/sudo privilege and screen is not installed. I can compile or copy the screen program that can run on the host. However, it reports: “Cannot make directory ‘/var/run/screen’: Permission denied” As screen is not installed on the host, the directory…

how to install older version gcc/g++ in Ubuntu (other linux distro are similar)

ByWeiwei Jia

When we compile some project, it needs older version gcc/g++ version. So how to insall older ones in ubuntu 16? Install older gcc/g++ version sudo apt-get install gcc-4.4 g++-4.4 g++-4.4-multilib gcc-4.4-multilib Set gcc/g++ version to be used automatically sudo update-alternatives –install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.4 50 sudo update-alternatives –install /usr/bin/g++ gcc /usr/bin/g++-4.4 50 You may need…

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How to handle missing blocks and blocks with corrupt replicas in HDFS?

ByEric Ma

One of HDFS cluster’s hdfs dfsadmin -report reports: Under replicated blocks: 139016 Blocks with corrupt replicas: 9 Missing blocks: 0 The “Under replicated blocks” can be re-replicated automatically after some time. How to handle the missing blocks and blocks with corrupt replicas in HDFS? Understanding these blocks A block is “with corrupt replicas” in HDFS…