SysTutorials Posts

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The Role of DEX Aggregators and Routers in Decentralized Trading

ByEric Ma

In the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, decentralized exchanges (DEXs) enable users to trade cryptocurrencies without intermediaries. However, with the growing number of DEXs offering varying levels of liquidity, fees, and trading pairs, navigating this landscape efficiently can be challenging. DEX aggregators and routers are tools designed to optimize trading, but they serve different purposes. This…

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Understanding Temporary Forks and Reorganization in Blockchain

ByEric Ma

Temporary forks and chain reorganizations (reorgs) are natural occurrences in decentralized blockchain systems. They arise due to the asynchronous nature of block propagation across the network. While temporary forks are short-lived and resolved quickly, chain reorganization refers to the process by which the blockchain discards one branch in favor of a longer or higher-priority chain….

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Understanding TPM 2.0 and Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs)

ByEric Ma

The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 is a hardware-based security feature designed to enhance the integrity and security of computing systems. It is an international standard defined by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) and is implemented as a dedicated chip or firmware module on a computer’s motherboard. The TPM provides cryptographic functions, secure storage, and…

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Private Key Sharding: A Technical Guide

ByEric Ma

Private key sharding is a technique used to distribute a private key into multiple parts, or “shards,” to enhance security and fault tolerance. This method is particularly useful in scenarios where a single point of failure must be avoided, such as in secure communications, cryptocurrency wallets, and distributed systems. What is Private Key Sharding? Private…

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What is BTC SegWit and Its Impact on Transaction Fees

ByEric Ma

Segregated Witness (SegWit) is a protocol upgrade for Bitcoin that enhances its scalability and transaction efficiency. Introduced in 2017, SegWit addresses several limitations of the original Bitcoin protocol, including transaction malleability and block size constraints. Understanding SegWit What is SegWit? SegWit stands for “Segregated Witness,” referring to the separation of signature data from transaction data….

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Understanding Bitcoin Transaction Structure: Legacy and Witness Versions

ByEric Ma

Bitcoin transactions are the backbone of the Bitcoin network, facilitating the transfer of value. Understanding their structure is essential for anyone interested in blockchain technology. This article delves into the details of both legacy and witness (SegWit) transaction structures. Basics of Bitcoin Transactions A Bitcoin transaction comprises inputs and outputs. Inputs are sources of funds,…

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Proving Ownership of BTC Multisig Addresses

ByEric Ma

Proving ownership of a Bitcoin (BTC) address is a crucial aspect in various scenarios. The post Proof of Ownership for BTC Addresses introduced the proof for non-multisig addresses. This guide explores how to prove ownership for different multisig BTC address types, including algorithm specifications and step-by-step methods. What is a Multisig Address? A Bitcoin multisig…

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Proof of Ownership for BTC Addresses: A Detailed Guide

ByEric Ma

Proving ownership of a Bitcoin (BTC) address is a crucial aspect in various scenarios, such as verifying identity in a transaction or demonstrating holdings without revealing private keys. This guide explores how to prove ownership for different BTC address types, including algorithm specifications and step-by-step methods. BTC Address Types P2PKH (Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash) P2SH (Pay-to-Script-Hash) P2WPKH (Pay-to-Witness-Public-Key-Hash)…

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A Comprehensive Guide to PGP: Technical Deep Dive

ByEric Ma

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a robust encryption program that ensures privacy and authentication for data communication. Developed by Phil Zimmermann in 1991, it’s widely used for securing emails, files, and directories. This article explores the technical details of PGP, including its algorithms, key management, and detailed processes for encryption, decryption, and signing. Cryptographic Foundations…

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Linear Consistency Model for Computer Systems

ByEric Ma

Linear consistency models are crucial in ensuring reliability and coherence in distributed computer systems. These models help manage how systems handle data and operations across multiple nodes, ensuring consistency without sacrificing performance. What is a Linear Consistency Model? In distributed computing, a linear consistency model ensures that operations on distributed data appear as if they…

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Understanding Cloud Storage Consistency Models

ByEric Ma

Cloud storage systems utilize various consistency models to balance performance, availability, and data accuracy. This article explores these models, their trade-offs, and examples of systems using them. We’ll also discuss the CAP theorem and its implications. Consistency Models Strong Consistency Definition: Guarantees that any read operation returns the most recent write for a given piece…

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Comparing Paxos and Raft

ByEric Ma

Paxos and Raft are both consensus algorithms used to ensure consistency in distributed systems. While they solve similar problems, they have different approaches and design philosophies. Characteristics Paxos Roles: Proposers, Acceptors, Learners. Phases: Two main phases (Prepare/Promise and Propose/Accept). Leader Election: Not explicitly defined, often implemented using Multi-Paxos to handle multiple proposals efficiently. Use Cases:…

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Understanding the Paxos Consensus Algorithm

ByEric Ma

The Paxos consensus algorithm is a fundamental concept in distributed computing that ensures a group of distributed systems can agree on a single value, even in the presence of failures. Developed by Leslie Lamport, Paxos is widely used in systems where consistency and fault tolerance are critical, such as databases and distributed ledgers. Consensus Problem…

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Understanding the Raft Consensus Protocol

ByEric Ma

The Raft consensus protocol is a distributed consensus algorithm designed to be more understandable than other consensus algorithms like Paxos. It ensures that a cluster of servers can agree on the state of a system even in the presence of failures. Key Concepts Raft divides the consensus problem into three relatively independent subproblems: Leader Election:…

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Extracting EC Public Keys with OpenSSL

ByEric Ma

In the realm of cryptography, handling and managing keys is a crucial task. The command provided is a series of operations using OpenSSL and other command-line utilities to extract and format an elliptic curve (EC) public key. Let’s break down the command to understand its purpose and functionality. The Command Extracting EC Public Keys with…

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Mapping Left Alt to Ctrl for Windows Keyboard to Be Similar to macOS

ByEric Ma

As a dedicated macOS user, I often find myself missing the convenience of having a Command key located near my thumb for common shortcuts when using Windows. In the standard Windows keyboard layout, the key that occupies the same position as the Command key on macOS is the Alt key. However, the equivalent key on…

Multisig 101

ByEthan Ainsworth

Multisig, short for “multisignature,” is a cryptographic mechanism that requires multiple signatures to authorize and execute a transaction. What is Multisig Multisig ensures that multiple parties must collaborate and approve a transaction before it can be deemed valid. It provides an additional layer of security requiring multiple parties’ signatures to spend or transfer the crypto…

Sybil Attack 101

ByEthan Ainsworth

Distributed systems, such as peer-to-peer networks, , and other decentralized platforms, have become increasingly popular due to their potential to offer more robust, scalable, and secure solutions. However, these systems face unique challenges and vulnerabilities, one of which is the Sybil attack. Named after the psychiatric case study “Sybil,” in which a person exhibits multiple…